Protective Effects of Acalypha hispida Nano-extract on Hepatic Portal Vein Remodeling and Intestinal Mucin Profile in Diabetic Rat Models

Abstract

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes induces macrovascular complications. The nanotechnology application to Acalypha hispida leaf extract offers therapeutic potential. However, its protective effects against hyperglycemia-induced hepatic portal vein damage and intestinal mucosal safety have been unreported. This study evaluate the effect of A. hispida on the blood glucose profile, portal vein histomorphometry, and intestinal mucin profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: normal, diabetic control (DC), DC+88 mg/kg BW metformin, DC+300 mg/kg BW crude extract, and DC+30 mg/kg BW nano-extract. Blood glucose difference between days 0 and 28 was evaluated. Connective tissue deposition was analyzed using Casson’s Trichrome staining, and portal vein wall thickness was measured. The intestinal mucin profile was evaluated through Periodic Acid-Schiff and Alcian Blue staining. The analysis revealed that the diabetic group demonstrated increasing blood glucose, whereas the administration of 30 mg/kg BW nano-extract significantly reduced it, surpassing the crude extract. Hyperglycemia induced portal vein wall thickening and connective tissue deposition. Nano-extract reduced portal vein thickness, prevented fibrosis, and maintained mucin secretion intensity by intestinal goblet cells. In conclusion, A. hispida leaf nano-extract reduces blood glucose levels, prevents portal vein fibrosis, and maintains the secretory function of the intestinal mucosa.