Community-driven tree planting in Northern Namibia: Determinants and Challenges

Abstract

Climate change and environmental degradation are among the most pressing global issues, making tree-planting initiatives essential for combating climate change, halting biodiversity loss, and restoring degraded landscapes. However, many tree planting programs face challenges such as planting non-native, potentially invasive species, and disregarding community preferences. This paper examines the determinants and challenges affecting tree planting programs, utilizing a unique dataset from northern Namibia. Using a multilevel logistic regression model, we found that low-income households with larger landholdings are more likely to participate in tree-planting initiatives. In contrast, households with members engaged in non-farm employment are less inclined to start or continue planting even when provided with seedlings, as they may prefer more stable and low-risk income streams. We recommend that future tree planting programs align with household preferences for tree purposes and provide sufficient economic incentives to ensure the sustainable maintenance of planted species.