Synthesis and Characterization of Composite MnO2 Nanoparticles and Actived Carbon from Palm Kernel Shell (Elais guinensiss Jacq)

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize a composite material based on activated carbon derived from palm shell (KACS) and manganese dioxide (MnO₂) through hydrothermal carbonization, followed by chemical-physical activation and KMnO₄ reduction. The structural and functional characteristics of the synthesized materials were comprehensively analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups such as –OH, C=O, and C=C, and confirmed their transformation during each synthesis stage, along with the successful formation of Mn–O bonds in the composite, indicated by an absorption band at 526 cm⁻¹. XRD analysis revealed a transition from amorphous to semi-crystalline phases, as evidenced by diffraction peaks at 2θ = 37° and 65°. SEM images displayed a porous morphology in KACS and a denser surface structure after MnO₂ incorporation via KMnO₄ reduction, confirmed by the appearance of fine fibers on the carbon surface. These findings highlight the potential of KACS/MnO₂ composites as promising materials for supercapacitor electrodes and environmental remediation technologies. Furthermore, the utilization of activated carbon derived from biomass waste can help reduce environmental pollution while enhancing agricultural integration and supporting a blue economy approach to waste valorization.