Effect of Manganese (0%, 0.5% and 1%) Doping on the Optical and Crystall Properties of Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) Synthesised by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) Method

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect of Manganese (Mn) ion addition on the optical and ferroelectric properties of Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) materials synthesised by the Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method. The variations of the Mn dopant used are 0%, 0.5%, and 1% atoms to BaTiO₃. This study used a UV–Vis spectrophotometer to determine the band gap energy via the Kubelka–Munk method, and employed X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the lattice parameters, spontaneous polarisation, and dipole moment. The lattice parameters were found to change significantly with Mn incorporation, with BaTiO₃ exhibiting a = 4.22 Å and c = 4.61 Å, BaTi₀.₉₉₅Mn₀.₀₀₅O₃ showing increased values of a = 5.48 Å and c = 5.52 Å, and BaTi₀.₉₉Mn₀.₀₁O₃ having a = 5.13 Å and c = 5.45 Å. The value of spontaneous polarisation decreased slightly from 0.1826 C/m² to 0.1815 C/m² at 1% Mn doping, indicating a reduction in dipole-domain regularity due to Mn ion substitution at the Ti site. These results show that Mn doping can effectively modify the electronic and ferroelectric properties of BaTiO₃, potentially improving material performance for capacitor and optoelectronic sensor applications.